⁽¹⁾  Alonzo de Ercilla y Zuñiga. Wrote the Epic poem La Araucana rhyming historical chronicle. The author was in Chile. Experienced in military science, and his work is invaluable for Mapuche History and Literature. Ercilla came to Chile a few years after Valdivia was killed.

⁽²⁾  Alonzo de Gongora Y Marmolejo. Served under Valdivia's orders and knew him and his sucesor, Villagra, personally. Historia de Chile desde su descubrimiento hasta el año de 1575 (in coleccion de historiadores de Chile y documentos relativos a la historia nacional, 49 vol. Santiago, 1861-1942), II: 33-34.

⁽³⁾  Francisco Nuñes de Piñeda y Bascuñan (Hereinafter), was a prisoner of War of the Mapuche for several months and wrote a book Cautiverio Feliz. He was captured in the battle of las Cangrejeras near Chillan May 15, 1529. The Spanish ideals of chivalry had some effect on them in later years and they would repay debts of honor to their Spanish enemies, to which Francisco Nuñez owed his survival in captivity. Toqui Lientur and Mulican protected him from the deadly intent of the Pehuenche tribus; this was just to repay the kindness shown the Mapuche warrior by Nuñez's father years before when Lientur had been captured. His father had a reputation throughout Araucania as a dangerous enemy but also as decent in his treatment of captives.

⁽⁴⁾  Pedro de Valdivia. Born in Extramadura, Spain, the cradle of the conquest. He was killed in combat against the Mapuche on December 25, 1553 with his entire forces. He set his seal upon the Chile of his day.

⁽⁵⁾  Prescott, W., History of the Conquest of Mexico.

⁽⁶⁾  Berdichesky, Personal communications. Vancouver, 1999.

⁽⁷⁾  Bengoa, Historia Mapuche. According to this autor the abundance of resources existing in the heartland of the Mapuche territory (Araucania) was such, that it sustained a population of half a million at the time of contact with the Spaniards.

⁽⁸⁾  The term Araucanian corresponds to the denomination given by the Spanish to the indigenous people living in the Araucanian territory in southern Chile. It is used instead of the term Mapuche, which means "People of the Land".

⁽⁹⁾  Bengoa, Historia Mapuche. According to Bengoa, the community on the basis of merits elected the Lonko. Nevertheless, due to influences introduced by contact and the concentration of power within Mapuche society, the Lonko became and hereditary authority.

⁽¹⁰⁾  According to Berdichesky, the term "nguillatun" literally means "a petition action".

⁽¹¹⁾  Berdichewsky B., The Araucanian of Chile, page 19.

⁽¹²⁾  Lewis Hanke, 1966, Readings in Latin American History, Volume 1, pages 242-243.

⁽¹³⁾  Ross Hassig, Aztec Warfare, page 87.

⁽¹⁴⁾  Bengoa in Conquista y barbarie: "Sociedades abiertas y sociedades cerradas, el Dios rubio que viene de afuera anunciando cambios por ejemplo Quetzalcoaatl del antiguo Mexico. La Mapuche, en cambio, era una sociedad de linajes, una sociedad; en que los antiguos difuntos se les aparecían en la noche diciéndoles a los vivos: no te apartes de la tradición, o se va acabar el mundo. No hay Mesías que viene de afuera, no se espera el cambio, no se espera que venga un dios con una cruz de símbolo,con la figura traspuesta que nos cambie el modo de vivir.
En la sociedad Mapuche a diferencia de la Incaica, no había tiempo para la Historia, para el cambio político o social, para el acontecimiento diferente que podía provocar el cambio total...
La sociedad Mapuche no tenía un concepto de acumulación, tanto económica como temporal, que normalmente van juntas; no tenía una multiplicidad de dioses, que permitiera establecer con el Invasor Plataformas culturales de comunicaciones. Era una cultura dotada de gran fuerza interna, pero cerrada al extranjero; por ello, también cerrada a la servidumbre, al cambio. Solo le quedaba el sometimiento forzoso, la huida, o la guerra."

⁽¹⁵⁾  Michimalongo was the Leader of the Picunches (people of the North Araucanian from the Aconcagua Valley). They were under Inca control.

⁽¹⁶⁾  Villalobos, Sergio, 1992, La Vida fronteriza en Chile, Editorial Mapfre, Spain, page 227-228.

⁽¹⁷⁾  Graham Cunninghame, 1973, Pedro de Valdivia Conqueror of Chile, Milford House, Boston.

⁽¹⁸⁾  Ercilla Alonso, La Araucana, page 192. Canto Ediciones clásicos de Castalia, Madrid, 1979. All the historian concur in one respect, in that Valdivia was killed with a club.

⁽¹⁹⁾  Mapuche drink chicha (muday), made of corn and strawberry.

⁽²⁰⁾  Lewis Stephen, E., "Myth and the History of Chile's Araucanians",1994, 58 Radical History Review, 112.

⁽²¹⁾  Tellez, I., Una Raza Militar in page 228. The battle was in neighbourhood of Chillan, on the tenth of April 1629. The Spanish forces one hundred, the Mapuches eighty at most, also the batlle of Budenco in Concepcion August of 1660 in which the Spanish forces were 200 soldiers and the Indian forces under the famed commander El Mestizo Alejo were 300 warriors with inferior weapons won that battle. In addition to see: The Happy captive, 1973, Nuñez de Bascuñan, page 13, in which he describe the battle as first-hand witness.

⁽²²⁾  Tellez, I., Una Raza Militar (hereinafter). Tellez describe the battles in detail.

⁽²³⁾  The prevalence of war among Spanish and Mapuches in the history is supported by prestigious historian which include Mario Gongora, Ensayo Historico sobre la Noción del Estado en Chile en los siglos XIX y XX., 4 ed., Santiago: Universitaria, 1986. And José Bengoa (see Bengoa, Historia Mapuche).

⁽²⁴⁾  Gongora put its number at fifty thousands, but it is hardly credible. Its very unlikely that an army of that size could have been keep together for more than a few days.

⁽²⁵⁾  Malocas, were surprised attacks to towns and farm made by Mapuches chiefs in the frontiers lands of Chile and Argentine. Their main objective was robbing animals, fundamentally cattle and horse, as well as women, who were made captive and taken to their territory's. Leonardo León, Maloquero y Cochavadores en Auracanía y las Pampas 1700-1800, Temuco, Chile: Universidad de la Frontera, 1991.

⁽²⁶⁾  Telles, I., Una Raza Militar. The general describe various battles won by the Mapuche in inferiority in number (hereinafter Tellez, Una Raza militar).

⁽²⁷⁾  Tellez, I., Una Raza Militar, 1944, said in pag 18. that in the battle of Marigueño the Mapuches use for the first time the artillery, 6 cannons. The second battle in which the artillery was used by the Mapuches was in the fortress of Quiapo.

⁽²⁸⁾  Pocock, H., The conquest of Chile, pag 237, Stein and Day, New York.

⁽²⁹⁾  Steward, Julian, Handbook of South American Indians, page 730.

⁽³⁰⁾  Bengoa state since the parliament o treaties of Quillin in 1641, all of these documents acknowledged the existence of the frontier among the two peoples and of independent Mapuche territory, which went from the Bio-Bio in the north to the Toltem River in the south. Bengoa affirms, this was a territory not dependent from the Capitania General de Chile, which related directly, as independent nation. In Bengoa, Historia Mapuche.

⁽³¹⁾  Moreover, the legal status of the parlamentos, the Chilean legal scholar, José Aylwin, who has reflected on this matter, has argued that, was that of an international treaty among two sovereign nations. This argumentation, according to the author, is consistent with the growing application of Jus Gentium (law of Nations).

⁽³²⁾  José Aylwin, 1999. In Master Thesis, UBC, Canada.

⁽³³⁾  Steward, 1946, page 730.

⁽³⁴⁾  Tellez, Una Raza Militar, page 48.

⁽³⁵⁾  Villalobos, Sergio, 1992, La Vida Fronteriza en Chile, Colección Realidades Americanas, Spain.

⁽³⁶⁾  Ibid. Bengoa José, Historia Mapuche. Despite the general Mapuche uprising which took place those years 1881, which caused thousands of deaths to both parts in conflict. The Chilean army was able to control most of Mapuche Territory in 1881. In 1882 and 1883 military raids were made to the Andes in order to take control of Pehuenche territory. The 'Occupation of Villarrica' in 1883 is considered to be the last military episode of the Araucanian war.

⁽³⁷⁾  The term 'Culture', in the present case does not refers to fine arts and letters. Mapuche cultural development ocurred only in those which had survival value - Spanish Pressure first and Chilean later was exerted in three areas - Military, political, and religious. Mapuche reaction and response followed the same gradient.